Rep. August Pfluger

Question
Is trading concentrated in a few companies rather than spread across a diversified portfolio?

Insider signature
Informed trading concentrates in the few issuers tied to the information.

Analyst note
Dollar HHI 0.082 (identified set [0.056, 0.164]); trade-count HHI 0.065 vs. 95th percentile 0.047 of 26 random draws from all congressional trades (p = 0.002). Normalized sector entropy 0.65 [0.64, 0.71]. Top three issuers (BRK.B, DMLP, UHALB) carry at least 8% of dollar volume.

Evidence

Statistical

Effective number of issuers

12 [6, 18] 90%

Question
Do purchases rise and sales fall more than the market in the weeks after the trade?

Insider signature
Purchases before price rises and sales before price falls.

Analyst note
Mean signed CAR(1,21) = 0.0122; 90% KP interval [-0.0529, 0.0774]; t_BMP = 0.37, r-bar = 0.193, t_KP = 0.15, Patell Z = 0.27, Corrado Z = 0.88. Dollar-weighted identified set [-0.0344, 0.0364]. Calendar-time alpha 13.25%/yr (NW t = 0.49, 106 days).

Evidence

Statistical

Mean signed 21-day CAR

+1.22% [−5.29%, +7.74%] 90%

p-value

0.440

Holm-adjusted p

1.000

BH q-value

0.983

Margin δ

0.5% per trade over 21 days

Robust to variants

Yes

Question
Does the member trade industries their committees oversee, and do those trades do better?

Insider signature
Members may trade on information about industries their committees oversee.

Analyst note
Committees HSHM, HSIF; jurisdiction sectors Aerospace & Defense, Application Software, Automobile Manufacturers, Communication Services, Energy, Health Care, Interactive Media & Services, Systems Software, Tobacco, Utilities. Dollar share 0.723 (identified set [0.317, 0.931], bootstrap 0.418-0.969); benchmarks S&P 500 0.343, congressional peers 0.349.

Evidence

Descriptive

Jurisdiction excess share

37.4% [6.9%, 62.0%] 90%

Margin δ

0.5% per trade over 21 days

Question
Are the member's trades unusually large, especially just before news?

Insider signature
Informed trades are large relative to the trader's normal activity, because the profit from an informational edge scales with position size.

Analyst note
Lowest-band share 0.731, 90% Wilson [0.571, 0.847]. No firm-event calendar, so the event-linked size gap was not computed.

Evidence

Descriptive

Lowest-band share

73.1% [57.1%, 84.7%] 90%

Question
Do trades arrive in routine rebalancing batches, or sporadically just before company news?

Insider signature
Opportunistic trades carry information and routine trades do not.

Analyst note
Batch-day share 4/8, Wilson [0.25, 0.75]; index of dispersion 6.06 (chi-square p = 0); routine share 0.00 (portfolio-routine or Cohen-Malloy-Pomorski two-year rule). Proximity share 0.000 vs. circular-shift null mean 0.038, p = 1.000.

Evidence

Statistical

Batch-day share

50.0% [24.9%, 75.1%] 90%

p-value

1.000

Holm-adjusted p

1.000

BH q-value

1.000

Question
Were trades disclosed within the STOCK Act's 45-day limit?

Insider signature
Delayed disclosure can conceal well-timed trades.

Analyst note
Late share 0.000, Wilson [0.000, 0.066]; 90th percentile lag 146 days; longest 337 days.

Evidence

Descriptive

Late share

0.0% [0.0%, 6.6%] 90%

Robust to variants

No, reading changes under some variants

Question
After accounting for noise, does the member's trading beat that of other members?

Insider signature
A member with an information edge stands out from the cross-section of congressional traders.

Analyst note
Empirical Bayes: raw 0.0122, posterior -0.0028 (sd 0.0015); Congress mean -0.0028, between-member variance 0.000000.

Evidence

Statistical

Shrunk signed 21-day CAR

−0.28% [−0.53%, −0.03%] 90%

Margin δ

0.5% per trade over 21 days

Question
Does the member trade the same stock in the same direction as other members at the same time more than chance predicts?

Insider signature
Shared nonpublic information spreads through networks and shows up as clustered trades.

Analyst note
Co-traded share 0.038; circular-shift null mean 0.089, 95th pct 0.192, p = 0.910.

Evidence

Statistical

Co-traded share

3.8%

Robust to variants

Yes

Question
Does the member buy and sell the same stock within six months, and do those round trips beat the market?

Insider signature
Short-horizon round trips capture a temporary informational edge.

Analyst note
No purchase and sale of the same stock within six months.

Evidence

Descriptive

Margin δ

0.5% per trade over 21 days

Question
Does the member use options, and do option trades point the right way?

Insider signature
Informed traders favour options because leverage raises the payoff to private information.

Analyst note
No option trades were reported.

Evidence

Descriptive

Margin δ

0.5% per trade over 21 days

Question
Before the market's biggest moves, did the member's trades point the right way?

Insider signature
An informed trader's trades just before a market-moving event point in the direction of the coming move.

Analyst note
No market-wide shocks or documented events fell within five trading days after the member's trades.

Evidence

Descriptive

Margin δ

10 points above a coin flip

Question
Does the member direct the trades, and does trading change when the member's access to information changes?

Insider signature
The person holding the information directs the trade.

Analyst note
No documentary record of trading arrangements or absence periods was available.

Evidence

Not computed

Question
Did trades in stocks affected by the member's legislative work come before votes and move the right way?

Insider signature
Trading on knowledge of legislation before it is public.

Analyst note
9 priced trades fell in affected industries in the 30 days before the member's committee events and 11 did not; at least 10 of each are needed to compare them.

Evidence

Descriptive

Margin δ

0.5% per trade

Question
Did trading change after press scrutiny or an ethics inquiry?

Insider signature
A member who trades on information has an incentive to keep control of trading after scrutiny.

Analyst note
No documented scrutiny date; the estimated change point in trading activity is shown for reference. Estimated change point 2026-01-12 (permutation p = 0.006).

Evidence

Descriptive

Question
When a traded stock made a large unexpected move soon after the trade, was the trade on the right side?

Insider signature
Buying shortly before a large jump or selling shortly before a large drop.

Analyst note
Hit rate 0.00, Clopper-Pearson [0.00, 0.95], exact one-sided p = 1.000; threshold |AR| > 3 sigma.

Evidence

Statistical

Hit rate

0.0% [0.0%, 95.0%] 90%

p-value

1.000

Holm-adjusted p

1.000

BH q-value

1.000

Margin δ

10 points above a coin flip

Question
Do trades in a spouse's or dependent's name do better than the member's own?

Insider signature
Routing informed trades through family accounts.

Analyst note
27% of trades were in a spouse's or dependent's name; returns not computed for them.

Evidence

Descriptive

Margin δ

0.5% per trade over 21 days